Total water intake reference
View population reference values published by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). They refer to total water, not only plain drinking water, and do not define an individual need.
Choose an EFSA reference category
What the value measures
EFSA published these reference values in 2010. They describe total water intake for adults in moderate environmental conditions and with moderate physical activity. They are not a body-weight formula or a personalized estimate.
Why needs can vary
Age, pregnancy, breastfeeding, activity, heat, fever, vomiting and diarrhea can change needs. EFSA describes population references; CDC also says recommendations vary with age, sex, pregnancy, activity and breastfeeding. People with kidney or heart disease or prescribed fluid limits should follow their care team. Do not force fluids to reach this number.
Frequently asked questions
Does this mean plain water only?
No. The reference is for total water: drinking water, other beverages and moisture in food.
Should I drink exactly this amount?
Not necessarily. It is a population reference, not an individual prescription. Needs vary with environment, health and activity.
Can heat or exercise change needs?
They can. CDC lists hot conditions and greater activity among situations in which the body may need more water; this tool does not estimate how much to add.
Can I use this if I have kidney or heart disease?
Do not use this reference instead of clinical guidance. If you have a fluid limit or health condition, follow your care team.